As described by Kosow and Gaßner, the Impact Analysis is a way of systematically identifying the interactions and the dynamics of factors.
By grouping factors based on their high and low active and passive scores, we get four factor typologies:
Active factors have a high active sum and a low passive sum. These factors are responsible for
driving change.
Passive factors (also known as reactive) have a high passive sum and a low active sum. Because
these factors are highly influenced, they are useful indicators within a system.
Critical (or dynamic) factors have a high active sum and a high passive sum. These factors exert a
large amount of influence but are themselves also subject to influence. These factors have a high
sensitivity to change and are typically important operational factors within a system. Critical
factors should not be considered in isolation from the system in which they function.
Buffering (or lazy) factors have both a low active and a low passive sum. These factors have the
capacity to absorb change and provide a buffer against both sudden change but also against a lack
of change.
Kosow, H., & Gassner, R. (2008). Methods of future and scenario analysis: Overview, assessment. and selection criteria. Dt. Inst. für Entwicklungspolitik.